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@media(max-width:680px){.container{width:calc(100% - 40px)}.topbar .container{min-height:30px;font-size:.625rem}.topbar a .icon{width:12px}.header-main{height:74px}.brand{font-size:1.6rem}.desktop-nav{display:none}.menu-trigger{display:grid}.header-actions{border:0;padding:0;gap:5px}.home-hero{grid-template-columns:1fr;padding-top:33px;padding-bottom:30px;gap:30px}.hero-copy h1{font-size:3.65rem;line-height:1.06;margin-top:19px}.hero-copy>p{font-size:1rem;max-width:100%}.hero-buttons{margin:25px 0 20px;gap:23px}.hero-note{font-size:.68rem}.hero-visual{min-height:310px;aspect-ratio:1.25;align-self:auto}.hero-image-label{bottom:35px;left:16px;right:16px;padding:15px}.hero-image-label strong{font-size:.8rem}.hero-image-label span:not(.label-icon){font-size:.72rem}.trust-strip .container{min-height:66px;flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:center;gap:8px 20px;padding:15px 0;font-size:.67rem}.trust-strip .icon{width:16px!important}.trust-strip span:last-of-type{display:none}.trust-strip span{gap:6px}.section{padding-block:38px}.section-heading{display:block}.section-heading .eyebrow{font-size:.66rem;margin-bottom:11px}.section-heading h2{font-size:2.05rem}.section-heading .text-link{margin:16px 0 0;font-size:.8rem;gap:10px}.section-intro{font-size:.88rem}.provider-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:16px;margin-top:24px}.provider-card{padding:25px}.provider-card>p{min-height:0;font-size:.93rem}.provider-top{margin-bottom:17px}.provider-top h3{font-size:1.5rem}.provider-mark{width:42px;height:42px;font-size:1.6rem}.provider-fit{font-size:.72rem}.check-list{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:15px;margin:16px 0 22px}.check-list li{margin:0}.fine-print{font-size:.7rem}.stories-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:30px;margin-top:26px}.story-copy{padding-top:16px}.story-copy :is(h2,h3){font-size:1.5rem}.story-copy p{font-size:.93rem}.story-meta{margin-top:14px}.knowledge-banner{padding:29px 24px;gap:14px}.knowledge-banner h2{font-size:2rem;line-height:1.15}.knowledge-banner .eyebrow{font-size:.65rem}.knowledge-banner p{font-size:.87rem}.connection-demo{padding-bottom:55px}.connection-demo>div{font-size:.625rem}.connection-demo .icon{width:32px;height:32px}.tunnel{font-size:.8rem;letter-spacing:1px}.tunnel span{font-size:.575rem}.connection-demo>p{font-size:.64rem}.news-layout{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:10px;margin-top:28px}.compact{grid-template-columns:110px 1fr;gap:17px;padding-bottom:23px;margin-bottom:23px}.compact .story-copy :is(h2,h3){font-size:1.15rem}.compact .story-meta{font-size:.66rem;gap:7px}.compact .story-image{aspect-ratio:1}.editor-note{padding:28px}.footer-top{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:30px 20px}.footer-top>div:last-child{grid-column:1/-1}.footer-top h2{font-size:.85rem;margin-bottom:12px}.footer-top>div>a:not(.brand){font-size:.82rem}.site-footer{padding-top:35px}.footer-bottom{flex-direction:column;gap:12px}.footer-disclosure{font-size:.72rem}.page-heading{padding-top:30px}.page-heading h1{font-size:2.8rem}.page-heading>p{font-size:1rem}.breadcrumbs{font-size:.7rem;margin-bottom:20px}.listing{padding-top:0}.category-nav{gap:7px}.category-nav a{font-size:.72rem;padding:7px 11px}.article-header{padding-top:25px}.article-header h1{font-size:2.65rem}.article-header .dek{font-size:1.02rem}.byline{align-items:flex-start;font-size:.76rem}.byline small{font-size:.69rem;line-height:1.7}.disclosure{font-size:.7rem;padding:13px 15px}.article-layout{margin-top:28px;gap:22px}.article-body{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.8}.article-body h2{font-size:1.65rem;margin-top:35px}.article-body h3{font-size:1.25rem}.pros-cons{grid-template-columns:1fr}.takeaway{padding:22px}.reading-progress{top:74px}.article-body>figure img{aspect-ratio:1.4}.simple-page{padding-top:35px}.simple-page h1{font-size:2.7rem}.author-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr}.search-form{gap:8px}.search-form input{padding:12px;min-width:0;font-size:.9rem}.search-form .button{padding:13px 15px;gap:8px}.search-form .button .icon{display:none}.not-found h1{font-size:2.3rem}.back-top{width:40px;height:40px;bottom:17px;right:17px}.cookie-banner{padding:20px}.cookie-banner .button{font-size:.72rem}}
@media(prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){html{scroll-behavior:auto}*,*:before,*:after{animation:none!important;transition:none!important}.reveal{opacity:1;transform:none}}
@media(max-width:680px){.hero-copy h1{font-size:clamp(2.65rem,11.8vw,3.5rem)}.hero-visual{min-height:0;min-width:0;height:320px;aspect-ratio:auto}}
/* Secondary labels stay legible on compact screens. */
.eyebrow,.story-copy .eyebrow,.hero-note,.image-credit,.fine-print,.story-meta,.footer-disclosure,.footer-bottom,.byline small,.disclosure{font-size:max(.75rem,12px)}
@media(max-width:680px){.topbar .container{font-size:.75rem}.topbar a{gap:4px}.topbar .icon{display:none}.category-nav a{font-size:.875rem}.hero-image-label span:not(.label-icon){font-size:.75rem}.footer-top h2,.footer-top>div>a:not(.brand){font-size:.875rem}.connection-demo>p{font-size:.75rem}.connection-demo{padding-bottom:70px}}
.video-block video{height:auto;aspect-ratio:16/9}
.article-body>figure.connection-figure{overflow-x:auto;padding-bottom:10px}
.article-body>figure img.diagram{min-width:850px;aspect-ratio:auto;object-fit:contain}
/* VPN directory, factual review modules and comparison workspace. */
.vpn-logo{width:160px;height:56px!important;object-fit:contain;object-position:left center;max-width:100%;aspect-ratio:auto!important}.provider-card>.eyebrow{display:block;margin:10px 0}.provider-card h3,.provider-card h2{font-size:1.5rem;margin:12px 0}.provider-card .check-list{display:block}.provider-top{min-height:60px}.provider-card{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.provider-link{margin-top:auto}.compare-toggle{display:inline-flex;justify-content:center;align-items:center;gap:9px;border:1px solid #b9cbbd;color:var(--green);border-radius:6px;background:#fff;padding:11px 16px;font-size:.85rem;margin-top:14px;min-height:44px}.compare-toggle[aria-pressed=true]{background:#eaf6de;border-color:#668b3a}.vpn-dropdown>summary{cursor:pointer;list-style:none;padding:30px 0}.vpn-dropdown>summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none}.vpn-dropdown>summary span{margin-left:5px}.vpn-mega{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(4,minmax(0,1fr));gap:30px}.vpn-dropdown .vpn-mega{position:absolute;top:100%;left:0;right:0;padding:34px max(36px,calc((100vw - 1264px)/2));background:#f5f8f3;border-top:1px solid var(--line);box-shadow:0 18px 25px #18342d12}.desktop-nav .vpn-mega a{display:block;padding:8px 0;font-size:.87rem;font-weight:400}.desktop-nav .vpn-mega a:after{display:none}.vpn-mega a:hover{text-decoration:underline}.vpn-mega h3,.vpn-mega .mega-title{font-size:.98rem;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:-.02em;color:#254c3b}.vpn-mega .mega-title{border-top:3px solid #bad18a;margin-bottom:12px;padding-top:15px!important;font-weight:700!important}.vpn-mega h3{margin:16px 0 7px}.vpn-mega .mega-tool{color:#275922;font-weight:700!important;margin-top:12px}.page-header{padding:12px 0 34px;max-width:850px}.page-header h1{margin:15px 0 22px}.page-header p{font-size:1.15rem}.compare-catalog{grid-template-columns:repeat(3,minmax(0,1fr));gap:22px}.comparison-scroll{overflow-x:auto;overscroll-behavior-x:contain;border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:10px;width:100%;margin:24px 0}.comparison-table{border-collapse:collapse;min-width:740px;width:100%;table-layout:fixed;font-size:.85rem;line-height:1.55;margin:0!important}.comparison-table caption{text-align:left;padding:14px 18px;background:#edf4e9;font-size:.8rem}.comparison-table th,.comparison-table td{padding:19px 17px!important;border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;overflow-wrap:anywhere}.comparison-table thead th{background:#fff!important;color:var(--ink)!important;vertical-align:bottom}.comparison-table th:first-child{width:170px;background:#f6f8f4}.comparison-table thead strong,.comparison-table thead a{display:block;margin-top:9px}.comparison-table thead a{font-weight:400;font-size:.78rem;text-decoration:underline}.comparison-table .vpn-logo{height:49px!important;width:130px}.comparison-table tfoot .button{font-size:.75rem;padding:10px}.comparison-table tr:last-child td{border:0}.differences-only tr[data-same=true]{display:none}.compare-tray{position:fixed;bottom:0;left:0;right:0;z-index:45;background:#fff;border-top:1px solid #c4d3bb;box-shadow:0 -8px 28px #173b2e18;padding:15px 24px}.compare-tray-inner{max-width:1264px;margin:auto;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:18px}.compare-tray-inner>div:first-child{margin-right:auto;font-size:.85rem}.compare-tray-inner>div:first-child span{display:block;color:var(--muted);font-size:.78rem;margin-top:3px}.compare-tray [data-compare-chips]{display:flex;gap:9px}.compare-chip{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:7px;background:#f3f6f0;border:1px solid #d3decb;border-radius:6px;padding:8px}.compare-chip img{width:95px;height:30px;object-fit:contain}.compare-chip span{font-size:21px}.compare-clear{background:none;border:0;text-decoration:underline;font-size:.8rem;color:var(--green)}.compare-open{min-height:46px;white-space:nowrap;padding:12px 20px}.compare-open:disabled{background:#e0e6dc;color:#737d70;cursor:not-allowed}.has-compare{padding-bottom:105px}.has-compare .back-top{bottom:110px}.compare-dialog{max-width:1120px;width:calc(100% - 36px);max-height:88vh;padding:30px;border:1px solid #d8e3d0;border-radius:16px;color:var(--ink);box-shadow:0 30px 100px #071e2855}.compare-dialog::backdrop{background:#0c241dcc;backdrop-filter:blur(4px)}.compare-dialog-head{display:flex;align-items:start;justify-content:space-between;gap:25px}.compare-dialog h2{font-size:2.15rem;margin:10px 0 25px}.dialog-close{width:44px;height:44px;display:grid;place-items:center;border:0;border-radius:50%;background:#eef3e8;flex-shrink:0}.compare-controls{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;gap:15px;font-size:.86rem}.compare-controls label{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:9px}.compare-controls input{width:18px;height:18px;accent-color:var(--green)}.compare-controls a{text-decoration:underline}.comparison-scroll-hint{font-size:.77rem;margin:18px 0 0}.comparison-is-open{overflow:hidden}.sr-only{position:absolute;width:1px;height:1px;padding:0;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);white-space:nowrap;border:0}.review-verdict{background:#f0f6e9;border:1px solid #d8e5cb;padding:28px;border-radius:10px;margin-bottom:30px}.review-verdict>div:first-child{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;gap:16px}.article-body .review-verdict h2{margin:20px 0 14px;font-size:1.8rem}.verdict-actions{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:14px;flex-wrap:wrap}.verdict-actions .compare-toggle{margin:0}.review-verdict p{margin-bottom:20px}.article-body .pros-cons{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:20px;margin:25px 0}.pros-cons>div{padding:24px;background:#f4f7ef;border-radius:9px}.pros-cons>div:last-child{background:#fbf3e9}.pros-cons ul{padding-left:20px;margin:15px 0 0}.article-providers{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr));gap:18px;margin:28px 0}.article-providers .provider-card{padding:20px}.article-providers .provider-card h3{margin:12px 0;font-size:1.35rem}.article-providers .provider-card p{font-size:.94rem;line-height:1.6}.article-providers .check-list{padding:0;font-size:.8rem}.article-providers .check-list li{list-style:none}.article-body .provider-media{margin:32px 0;padding:20px;background:#f3f6f1;border-radius:10px}.article-body .provider-media img{max-height:440px;width:100%;object-fit:contain;aspect-ratio:auto}.article-body .provider-media figcaption{margin:14px 0 0}.article-body>figure img{aspect-ratio:3/2;object-fit:contain;background:#eff4e9}.article-body .facts-table{width:100%;font-size:.88rem}.facts-table th{width:32%;background:#f3f7ee;color:var(--ink)}.facts-table td,.facts-table th{padding:14px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);text-align:left}.faq-item{border-top:1px solid var(--line);padding:18px 0}.faq-item summary{font-weight:700;cursor:pointer;line-height:1.5}.faq-item p{margin:15px 0 0!important}.topic-links{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:10px;margin:25px 0}.topic-links a{padding:10px 17px;background:#f1f6ea;border:1px solid #dce6d2;border-radius:30px;font-size:.87rem}.directory-intro{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1.3fr 1fr;gap:50px;padding:45px 0}.directory-intro h1{margin:15px 0 25px}.directory-panel{background:#143e31;color:#fff;padding:35px;border-radius:14px}.directory-panel p{color:#dce6da;margin:20px 0}.directory-panel h2{font-size:2rem}.directory-sections .vpn-mega{margin:25px 0}.directory-sections .vpn-mega a{display:block;padding:7px 0}.portrait{width:46px;height:46px!important;border-radius:50%;object-fit:cover;flex-shrink:0}.author-hero{display:grid;grid-template-columns:270px 1fr;gap:50px;padding:45px 0}.author-hero>img{width:270px;height:320px;object-fit:cover;border-radius:12px}.author-hero h1{margin:12px 0 18px}.author-hero p{font-size:1.05rem;margin:15px 0}.author-hero .eyebrow{display:block}.author-detail-layout{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 290px;gap:65px;padding-bottom:40px}.author-detail-layout h2{font-size:1.9rem;margin:24px 0 16px}.author-detail-layout p{margin:15px 0;line-height:1.8}.author-detail-layout aside{background:#f3f7ed;padding:25px;border-radius:9px;align-self:start}.author-detail-layout aside h2{font-size:1.2rem;margin-top:0}.author-detail-layout aside ul{padding-left:19px;color:var(--muted)}.author-card .portrait{width:85px;height:85px!important;margin-bottom:15px}.byline .portrait{width:44px;height:44px!important}.author-box .portrait{width:58px;height:58px!important}
@media(max-width:1000px){.desktop-nav{gap:18px}.desktop-nav>a{font-size:.78rem}.vpn-mega{gap:20px}.compare-tray-inner{gap:10px}.compare-chip img{width:70px}.compare-tray-inner>div:first-child{max-width:200px}.compare-open{padding:12px}.author-detail-layout{gap:30px}.directory-intro{gap:30px}}
@media(max-width:760px){.compare-catalog{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr))}.compare-tray-inner{flex-wrap:wrap}.compare-tray [data-compare-chips]{order:4;width:100%}.compare-tray-inner>div:first-child{max-width:55%}.compare-tray{padding:12px 18px}.has-compare{padding-bottom:160px}.has-compare .back-top{bottom:165px}.compare-dialog{padding:20px}.compare-dialog h2{font-size:1.65rem}.compare-controls{align-items:start;flex-direction:column}.author-hero{grid-template-columns:170px 1fr;gap:25px}.author-hero>img{width:170px;height:230px}.author-detail-layout{grid-template-columns:1fr}.directory-intro{grid-template-columns:1fr}.directory-sections .vpn-mega{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}.comparison-table th:first-child{width:140px}}
@media(max-width:680px){#mobile-nav{max-height:calc(100dvh - 74px);overflow-y:auto}#mobile-nav .vpn-mega{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:24px}#mobile-nav .mega-title{font-size:1.1rem}.compare-catalog{grid-template-columns:1fr}.article-providers{grid-template-columns:1fr}.article-body .pros-cons{grid-template-columns:1fr}.review-verdict{padding:20px}.review-verdict>div:first-child{align-items:start;flex-direction:column}.review-verdict .verdict-actions{align-items:stretch;flex-direction:column}.review-verdict .button{justify-content:center}.author-hero{grid-template-columns:1fr;padding-top:25px}.author-hero>img{width:140px;height:160px}.author-hero h1{font-size:2.7rem}.directory-sections .vpn-mega{grid-template-columns:1fr}.compare-tray-inner>div:first-child{max-width:45%;font-size:.78rem}.compare-tray-inner>div:first-child span{font-size:.7rem}.compare-clear{font-size:.75rem;padding:6px}.compare-open{font-size:.77rem;gap:6px;padding:10px}.compare-open .icon{width:16px}.compare-chip{flex:1;min-width:0;justify-content:center;padding:5px}.compare-chip img{max-width:calc(100% - 15px);height:25px}.compare-dialog{width:calc(100% - 20px);padding:16px}.compare-dialog .comparison-table{min-width:720px}.page-header h1{font-size:2.8rem}.facts-table th{width:38%}.article-body .facts-table{font-size:.8rem}}
.article-body .plan-table{min-width:580px;font-size:.86rem;margin:0;width:100%;border-collapse:collapse}.plan-table caption{text-align:left;background:#f1f6eb;padding:14px;font-size:.78rem;line-height:1.5}.plan-table th,.plan-table td{padding:15px!important;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;border-bottom:1px solid var(--line)}.plan-table th{background:#e7efdf;color:var(--ink)}.evidence-note{border-left:3px solid #9caf83;padding:20px 24px;background:#f5f7f2;margin:25px 0;font-size:.92rem}.evidence-note p{margin:10px 0 0}.compare-fallback{padding:25px;border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:9px}.compare-fallback label,.compare-fallback select{display:block;margin:10px 0}.compare-fallback select{padding:12px;width:100%;max-width:400px}
@media(min-width:851px){.toc{max-height:calc(100vh - 145px);overflow-y:auto;scrollbar-width:thin;padding-right:8px}}
.article-body .facts-table{min-width:0;table-layout:fixed;overflow-wrap:anywhere}
@media(max-width:680px){.has-compare #mobile-nav{padding-bottom:190px}.facts-table th,.facts-table td{padding:12px!important}}
@media(max-width:360px){.has-compare{padding-bottom:205px}.has-compare .back-top{bottom:210px}}

/* Catalog actions and full-color brand marks. */
.provider-actions{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:12px;margin-top:auto;padding-top:14px}
.provider-actions>.button{justify-content:center;min-height:46px;width:100%;font-size:.88rem}
.provider-actions>.provider-link{margin:0;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;gap:9px;font-size:.84rem}
.provider-actions>.compare-toggle{margin:0;width:100%}
.story-provider-actions{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:10px;margin-top:20px}
.story-provider-actions>.button{justify-content:center;min-height:46px}
.story-provider-actions>.compare-toggle{margin:0}
.desktop-nav .vpn-mega{max-height:calc(100dvh - 120px);overflow-y:auto;overscroll-behavior:contain}
@media(max-width:680px){.provider-actions>.button,.story-provider-actions>.button{white-space:normal;text-align:center}.story-provider-actions{margin-top:16px}}

.vpn-logo,.compare-chip img{background:transparent}
.vpn-logo[src$="/expressvpn-color.svg"],.compare-chip img[src$="/expressvpn-color.svg"]{background:#fff;border-radius:4px}

/* Visible authorship across article cards, reviews and navigation. */
.author-credit{margin:18px 0 0;font-size:.85rem;line-height:1.3}.author-credit>a{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;min-height:44px;color:var(--ink);text-decoration:none}.author-credit img{width:36px;height:36px;object-fit:cover;border-radius:50%;flex-shrink:0}.author-credit small{display:block;color:var(--muted);font-size:.7rem;margin-bottom:3px}.author-credit strong{font-weight:600}.author-credit a:hover strong{text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:3px}.story-copy .story-meta{margin-top:10px;flex-wrap:wrap}.compact .author-credit{margin-top:12px}.provider-card>.author-credit{margin:0 0 18px}.article-header .byline{padding:14px 18px;background:var(--soft);border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:9px;width:fit-content;max-width:100%;font-size:1rem;margin:20px 0}.article-header .byline .portrait{width:54px;height:54px!important}.article-header .dek{margin-bottom:24px}.author-box>h2{margin:0 0 20px;font-size:1.35rem}.author-card h2 a:hover{text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:4px}
@media(min-width:681px) and (max-width:1000px){.desktop-nav{gap:12px}.desktop-nav>a{font-size:.74rem}.header-main{gap:12px}.header-actions{padding-left:8px}}
@media(max-width:820px){.desktop-nav{display:none}.menu-trigger{display:grid}.header-actions{border:0;margin-left:auto}}
@media(max-width:680px){.article-header .byline{width:100%;padding:13px;font-size:.92rem}.article-header .byline small{line-height:1.6}.author-credit{margin-top:14px}}

#mobile-nav>.authors-nav-link{font-weight:700;border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);margin-bottom:16px}